延迟收获对长江中游春玉米农艺性状及机收质量的影响

为探明长江中游玉米籽粒机械直收适宜品种与配套农艺措施，2018—2019年选用不同玉米品种，测定不同机收时间下玉米关键农艺性状、产量及机收质量指标。结果表明，收获时间对春玉米机收产量与机收质量均有显著影响。延迟1周收获后籽粒容重显著增加，机收产量显著提高，2年平均提高9.72%；而延迟2周收获则有降低机收产量的趋势。2年收获时杂质率总体≤3%，而机收籽粒破碎率与损失率均>5%，是该区域春玉米籽粒机收面临的主要问题。籽粒厚度、籽粒含水率和百粒重是影响机收籽粒破碎率的关键性状，三者与机收籽粒破碎率均呈显著的倒二次曲线关系；玉米的倒伏率、穗位高和重心高度是影响机收损失率的关键性状，倒伏率与机收损失率呈显著正相关，而穗位高和重心高度与机收损失率均呈显著的二次曲线关系。延迟收获能显著降低籽粒含水量，从而降低籽粒破碎率，但继续延迟收获有增加倒伏的风险。综上，长江中游春玉米成熟后适时延迟7~10 d收获，可有效降低籽粒含水量与机收籽粒破碎率，提高玉米籽粒机收产量。     

Effects of genes increasing the number of spikelets per panicle,TAW1 and APO1, on yield and yield-related traits in rice

The genes TAWAWA1 (TAW1) and ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) increase the number of spikelets per panicle (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of these genes on morphological traits, yield, and yield-related traits including yield components using the near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of a japonica rice variety, Koshihikari – NIL-taw1, NIL-apo1-D3, and NIL-apo1-D4 – in a field experiment. The SN and total number of spikelets per area of the three NILs were larger than those of Koshihikari. However, the yield of the three NILs did not exceed that of Koshihikari due to their low filling ability. Interestingly, our field experiments indicated that TAW1 did not affect the diameter of internodes and the PN, whereas APO1 decreased the PN and increased the diameter of internodes. These results suggest that TAW1 and APO1 differently affect yield-related traits.     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

我国牧草种植成本收益变化与比较

本研究以牧草种植户牧草及粮食作物的调研数据为基础,计算出2010-2014年主要牧草和粮食作物的成本收益基本信息,对其变化进行统计分析,并对各作物的成本收益进行比较。分析发现,2014年苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的经济效益有所下降;黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)的纯收益和收益率有所增长;苜蓿的纯收益和收益率要高于黑麦草和青贮玉米;马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)和苜蓿的经济效益更具优势,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益较差;黑麦草和青贮玉米人工和土地成本更高,苜蓿水电费最高。建议调整农业产业结构,推行"粮+经+饲+草"四元种植结构,全面扶持牧草产业发展,建立健全牧草生产资料补贴制度。     

Detect unique molecular structure associated with physiochemical properties in CDC varieties of oat grain with unique nutrient traits [Feed Type vs. Milling Type] in comparison with barley grain using advanced molecular spectroscopy as a non-destructive biological tool

The objective of this study was to determinate grain unique protein inherent molecular structure that are related physiochemical and nutrient profiles in CDC developed oat varieties [CDC Nasser (Feed Type) and CDC Seabiscuit (Milling Type)] grown in cool climate condition in western Canada in comparison with conventional barley variety of CDC Meredith as a control using advanced molecular spectroscopy. Multivariate analyses, including an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to identify protein molecular structural differences among the grains. The results revealed that CDC Seabiscuit contained greater (P < 0.05) protein structural Amide I and II than CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith, while the greater (P < 0.005) structural Amide I to II area and height ratios was detected in CDC Meredith. New oat grains had greater (P < 0.05) β-sheet height than barley grains, however, there was no difference in α-helix to β-sheet ratio values among the varieties. In conclusion, CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith had no difference in protein molecular structural features, while CDC Seabiscuit contains different protein structural characteristics as compared to CDC Meredith grain. The molecular structure features are highly associated with physiochemical and nutrient profiles in grains, which indicate that it also affect nutrient utilization and availability.     

株行距及穴苗数的配置对寒地水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确垦稻26和龙粳31高产优质栽培的株行距和穴苗数处理,采取裂区设计进行试验研究。结果表明,最优群体因品种而异,垦稻26在株距10cm、行距30cm、5苗/穴产量最佳,龙粳31则以株距13.3cm、行距27cm、9苗/穴产量最佳;垦稻26在5苗/穴、行株距30cm×10cm处理,有利于提高稻米的碾磨品质,不利于改善稻米的外观品质,营养品质较低,利于改善稻米的食味品质,且食味评分值高达86.5,显著高于最低处理;龙粳31在5苗/穴、行株距27cm×13.3cm处理,碾磨品质较高,不利于营养品质和外观品质的改善,食味品质得到明显改善,食味评分值高达86.0,与最低处理差异达显著水平。因此,高产优质栽培要因品种选择适宜的穴苗数和株行距,是实现水稻高产优质最为快捷、最为经济有效的措施。     

绿色超级稻品种的农艺与生理性状分析

探明绿色超级稻的农艺与生理性状,对于培育和选用绿色超级稻品种有重要意义。本研究以4个绿色超级稻品种为材料,1个超级稻品种和1个非超级稻品种为对照,观察了绿色超级稻的农艺与生理表现。结果表明,与对照品种相比,绿色超级稻品种具有较高的产量和氮素利用效率。绿色超级稻品种较高的产量得益于总颖花数和结实率的同步提高,较高的氮素利用率主要在于较高的植株氮素籽粒生产效率(氮素内部利用效率)。绿色超级稻具有较高的茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比,抽穗期较高的糖花比,灌浆期较高的作物生长速率、净同化率、根系氧化力和茎中同化物向籽粒的运转率和成熟期较高的收获指数。这些性状与产量及植株氮素籽粒生产效率均呈极显著的正相关。建议将上述性状作为培育和选用绿色超级稻品种的参考指标。     

播期对河套地区玉米灌浆进度的影响

旨在为玉米的高产栽培提供理论支撑。采用分期播种法,利用试验数据,建立28个生长模型（方程均通过0.01的极显著检验）,将玉米灌浆期百粒干重、百粒体积随灌浆日数增加的时段分为三阶段,即渐增期、快增期和缓增期。适时播种的玉米吐丝后百粒体积、百粒干重增加进入渐增期,终止日分别为吐丝后的6天和20天,此后进入快速增长期,时间分别为22天和18天;其后到籽粒体积和干重增加进入缓慢增长期。适时播种的玉米百粒干重增加逐渐增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间0~502.4℃·d,增幅0.014 g/℃·d;快速增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间502.4~938.4℃·d,增幅0.049 g/℃·d;缓慢增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间938.4~1355.1℃·d,增幅0.018 g/℃·d。     

施肥对春青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的影响

为研究施肥对青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的调节作用,以‘藏青27’、‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’为试验材料,比较分析不同施肥处理下干物质积累、分配及产量的变化规律。结果表明：增加施肥量促进青稞分蘖期—成熟期的干物质积累及开花期和成熟期干物质向营养器官和籽粒的分配,提高了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量及对籽粒贡献率,降低了花后同化物输入籽粒量对籽粒贡献率。‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’在F₂条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量最大,产量也最大。‘藏青27’在F₃条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量和对籽粒贡献率最大,产量也最大。说明合理施肥有利于青稞干物质积累分配及产量提高。